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  • Ìîðñêèå ðàññêàçû

    Òêà÷åíêî Íèêîëàé Àäàìîâè÷,
    êàïèòàí äàëüíåãî ïëàâàíèÿ




    Âåñò

     

     

    Rus. – âåñò (çàïàä)  <<  Duwest  <<  OG West.                                                                                                                                                      

     Eng.  west.  <<  OE.  west.                                                                                                                                                                         

    Ger.  West.  <<  OG.  West.                                                                                                                                                                        

     Du.    west.  <<  MDu.  west.                                                                                                                                                                        

     Nor.  vest.  <<   LG.  West.                                                                                                                                                                                               

    Sw.   vest.  <<    LG.  West.                                                                                                                                                                       

    Da.   vest.  <<    LG.  West.                                                                                                                                                                               

    Pie.  êîðåíü  «uesperos»  (òåìíîòà, âå÷åð)  >>  Gr.  εσπεροςεσπερα (âå÷åð, çàïàä)  >>  L.  vesper,  vespera  (âå÷åð, çàïàä)  >>  Teut.  wes-t  >>  OE.  west.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       

    Fr.    ouest  <<  (1379) OFr. west   <<  (1138) OE.  west.                                                                                                                                                                          

     It.     ponente.                                                                                                                                                                          

    Sp.    oeste.  <<  Eng.  west.                                                                                                                                                                           

    Ptg.  oeste.  <<  Eng.  west.

     

     

      PIE ÿçûêå áûë êîðåíü  uesperos (uekeros),  êîòîðûé îáîçíà÷àë ïîíÿòèå  «âå÷åð».  Êîðåíü ýòîò ïåðåøåë â ãðå÷åñêèé â ñëåãêà èçìåíåííîì âèäå, è òàì ìû íàõîäèì òåðìèí  εσπερος (âå÷åð, âå÷åðíèé, çàïàä.  Ïîòîì îò ãðå÷åñêîãî òåðìèíà è â ëàòèíñêîì ïîÿâèëèñü  òåðìèíû  vespervesperis  (âå÷åð, âå÷åðíåå âðåìÿ, çàïàä).  Îò ñòàðîãî PIE êîðíÿ ïðîèçîøëè è ëèòîâñêèå òåðìèíû  vakaras  (âå÷åð),  vakarai (çàïàä),  vakaru  vejas (çàïàäíûé âåòåð), à òàêæå è ëàòâèéñêèé òåðìèí vakars (âå÷åð).  Îò ñòàðîãî PIE êîðíÿ ïðîèçîøëè òàêæå  ðóññêèå ñëîâà «âå÷åð» è «â÷åðà».  

    Ìû âèäèì, ÷òî âî âñåõ èíäîåâðîïåéñêèõ ÿçûêàõ ïîíÿòèÿ «âå÷åð» è «çàïàä» âñåãäà îïðåäåëÿëèñü îäíèì è òåì æå òåðìèíîì.  Òàê ïðîèçîøëî è â ãåðìàíñêèõ ÿçûêàõ.  Êîãäà ïðîòî-ãåðìàíöû ïðèáûëè íà ñåâåð è çàïàä Åâðîïû, îíè ñòàëè ìîðÿêàìè è èì ïîíàäîáèëèñü íîâûå ñëîâà äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ãëàâíûõ íàïðàâëåíèé, ÷òîáû îðèåíòèðîâàòüñÿ â ýòèõ ñåâåðíûõ ìîðÿõ.  Òàê è ïîÿâèëñÿ èç ñòàðîãî PIE êîðíÿ îáùåãåðìàíñêèé òåðìèí  “west” äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ íàïðàâëåíèÿ íà çàïàä.  Ïîòîì ýòîò òåðìèí èç ãåðìàíñêèõ ÿçûêîâ ïåðåøåë è â ðîìàíñêèå è â ñëàâÿíñêèå ìîðñêèå ÿçûêè.   

    West (âåñò, çàïàä) - îäíî èç ãëàâíûõ íàïðàâëåíèé èç ëþáîé òî÷êè íà ïîâåðõíîñòè çåìëè.  Âñåãî èìååòñÿ ÷åòûðå ãëàâíûõ íàïðàâëåíèÿ  – íîðä,  çþéä,  îñò,  âåñò.  Íàïðàâëåíèå íîðä –çþéä  ñîâïàäàåò ñ íàïðàâëåíèåì ëþáîãî ìåðèäèàíà.  Íàïðàâëåíèå îñò-âåñò îòëè÷àåòñÿ íà 90 ãðàäóñîâ îò íàïðàâëåíèÿ ìåðèäèàíà è ñîâïàäàåò ñ íàïðàâëåíèåì ëþáîé ïàðàëëåëè.  Êàðòóøêà êîìïàñà ðàçáèòà íà 360 ãðàäóñîâ, è íà ýòîé êàðòóøêå îòìå÷åíû ãëàâíûå è ïðî÷èå íàïðàâëåíèÿ.                Íîðä ( ñåâåð) = 0 (360) ãðàäóñîâ;   îñò (âîñòîê) = 90 ãð.;  çþéä (þã) = 180 ãð. è âåñò (çàïàä) = 270 ãð.    ïîëäåíü êàæäîãî äíÿ íàïðàâëåíèå íà Ñîëíöå ïîêàçûâàåò íàïðàâëåíèå ìåðèäèàíà íàáëþäàòåëÿ.  Ìîðÿêè ãîâîðÿò â ýòîì ñëó÷àå, ÷òî Ñîëíöå íàõîäèòñÿ â âåðõíåé êóëüìèíàöèè.  Âîñõîäèò Ñîëíöå íà âîñòîêå, è çàõîäèò íà çàïàäå.  Íî òîëüêî äâàæäû â ãîä, â äåíü âåñåííåãî è â äåíü îñåííåãî ðàâíîäåíñòâèÿ, 21 ìàðòà  è 23 ñåíòÿáðÿ, Ñîëíöå âîñõîäèò è çàõîäèò â òî÷êàõ ãîðèçîíòà, êîòîðûå íàõîäèòñÿ ñòðîãî  íà âîñòîêå èëè, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ñòðîãî íà çàïàäå îò íàáëþäàòåëÿ.  Ýòè òî÷êè íàõîäÿòñÿ â ìåñòàõ ïåðåñå÷åíèÿ ãîðèçîíòà è íåáåñíîãî ýêâàòîðà.

    Ñì. òàêæå ñòàòüè «íîðä», «çþéä», «îñò».                                                                  19.02.2013.

     











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